On the 28 Jun 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist.
This incident lit the fuse that started the Great War. In what is probably one of history's
most momentous events, the Archduke's chauffeur had missed his turn and driven the car down the wrong street right by the point where the would-be assassin just happened to be standing.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife, Sophie.
This event merely precipitated a conflict between the major European powers, which by then had already become inevitable. The main causes were the aspirations, fears and misunderstandings of
Britain, France, Russia and Germany. All of them, in their different ways, considered that their vital interests were threatened.
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and attacked on the 28 Jul 1914. Russia came to the assistance of Serbia and Germany to Austria-Hungary. Germany then declared war on France because it
was Russia's ally and Britain declared war on Germany when it invaded Belgium and Luxembourg on its advance towards Paris.
Consequently, the date when the Great War (World War One) actually started was the 28 Jul 1914, although Britain was not involved for another seven days when Germany violated Belgian neutrality.
The British declaration of war on Germany was on the 4 Aug 1914 at 11:00pm (midnight in Berlin) and it ended 4 years and 99 days later with an Armistice,
which came into effect on the 11 Nov 1918 at 11:00am.
At the Paris Peace Conference, convened January in 1919, the Treaty of Versailles ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on the 28 Jun 1919, five years to the day after the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The negotiations took place in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. The treaty became effective on the 10 Jan 1920 following its ratification
by the governments concerned, namely: Germany (Central Power), France, British Empire, Italy, United States of America and Japan (Allied Powers).
Other treaties resulting from the Paris Peace Conference were: St Germain (Austria), Trianon (Hungary), Neuilly (Bulgaria) and Sèvres (Turkey/Turkish Empire), all Central Powers.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate treaty signed on the 3 Mar 1918 between the new Soviet Government of Russia and the Central Powers.
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Timeline
19 Apr 1839
The Treaty of London was signed. Under the terms of this treaty the European powers recognised and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium and
confirmed the independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg.
Article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral and by implication committed the signatory powers to guard that neutrality in the event of invasion.
The treaty was between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia and Russia on the one part and Belgium on the other. The Plenipotentiaries who signed the treaty were:
Lord Palmerston, British Foreign Secretary.
Senfft von Pilsach, Austrian Minister.
H. Sebastiani, French Minister.
Gabriele von Bulow, Prussian Minister
Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo, Russian Diplomat.
Sylvan van de Weyer, Belgium Ambassador to Britain.
On the 4 Aug 1914 the German Chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, described the Treaty of London as “a scrap of paper” in his final meeting with the British Ambassador to Germany, Sir Edward Goschen.
28 Jun 1914
In Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand who was the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The assassination of the Archduke started the Great War and
the unparalleled carnage that was to follow.
28 Jul 1914
The Great War effectively commenced when Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia but Britain was not involved for another seven days.
1 Aug 1914
Germany declared war on Russia.
3 Aug 1914
Germany declared war on France.
4 Aug 1914
11:00pm in London, midnight in Berlin.
Britain declared war on Germany because of its violation of Belgian neutrality under the terms of the Treaty of London of 1839.
The Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, commented that, “The lamps will go out all over Europe, we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.”
7 Aug 1914
The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) crossed to France to try and halt the German advance as they implemented their Schlieffen Plan.
A series of battles ensued, collectively known as the Battle of Frontiers.
21 Aug 1914
L/14196 Private John Parr of the 4th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment is believed to be the first British casualty of the war. He was buried in the St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium. Grave Ref. I.A.10.
23 Aug 1914
Japan declared war on Germany. It declared war with Austria-Hungary on the 25 Aug 1914.
23 Aug 1914 to 24 Aug 1914
Battle of MonsThis was the first major action of the BEF where attempts were made to hold the line of the Mons-Condè Canal against the advancing German First Army.
The German Army was stronger and the BEF was forced to begin its long retreat from Mons, which ended on the 5 Sep 1914. During the retreat the BEF acquired the nickname "The Old Contemptibles".
The British 4th Division, under the command of Major General Thomas D’Oyly Snow, arrived at the front on the 25 Aug 1914, and it was ordered to establish defensive positions at Le Cateau-Cambrésis.
On the following day the Battle of Le Cateau was fought during which the 4th Division was overwhelmed.
The 1914 Star, also known as the Mons Star, was awarded for military service in France and Belgium between the 5 Aug 1914 and midnight on the 22 Nov 1914.
That is, from Britain’s original participation in the war until the final day of the First Battle of Ypres.
28 Aug 1914
Battle of Heligoland BightThis was the first naval engagement of the war and it took place in the south-eastern North Sea when the British attacked German patrols off the north-west coast of Germany.
The British had one light cruiser heavily damaged with 35 fatalities and the Germans lost six ships with 712 fatalities.
6 Sep 1914 to 12 Sep 1914
First Battle of the MarneThis was a major engagement between the French and British Expeditionary Force (BEF) against the German Army. It decisively halted the German advance on Paris.
19 Oct 1914 to 22 Nov 1914
First Battle of YpresThis series of engagements was a crucial part of the "Race to the Sea" (19 Sep 1914-19 Oct 1914). It resulted in a stalemate after heavy fighting with heavy losses on both sides.
This battle is notable for the damage done to the British regular army and the subsequent introduction of conscription in Jan 1916.
29 Oct 1914
Turkey entered the war on the side of the Central Powers.
21 Dec 1914
The first German air raid on Britain occurred.
22 Apr 1915 to 25 May 1915
Second Battle of YpresThis battle marked the first use of poison gas by the German army.
25 Apr 1915 to 9 Jan 1916
Gallipoli CampaignThe invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsular in the Dardanelles, Turkey, was a great disaster for the Allies. High casualty rates from enemy action and disease eventually precipitated a
complete withdrawal. However, there was no loss of life during the evacuation of Sulva Bay and Anzac Cove on the 19 Dec 1915-20 Dec 1915 or during the evacuation of Helles on the
8 Jan-9 Jan 1916.
7 May 1915
Loss of a Cunard linerRMS Lusitania was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat and of the 1,959 people on board, 1,198 died, including 128 Americans.
This event angered Americans and hastened the entrance of the United States into the war.
Lusitania was sunk about 11 miles from the Old Head of Kinsale lighthouse, Ireland. She had sailed from New York on the 1 May 1915 bound for Liverpool.
25 May 1915
Herbert Henry Asquith’s Coalition Government was formed as a multi-party wartime coalition government. It was dissolved on the 5 Dec 1916.
28 Jun 1915
Loss of a White Star cargo vesselSS Armenian was torpedoed and sunk by German U-boat U-24 with the loss of 1,422 mules and 29 crew, mostly Americans. Armenian was sunk off Trevose Head,
North Cornwall. She had sailed from the USA bound for Bristol and the mules were to replace those lost in the battles on the Western Front.
25 Sep 1915 to 18 Oct 1915
Battle of LoosThis British offensive consisted of six divisions and after considerable success on the first day the momentum was lost because reserves were held too far away to
exploit the early success. Subsequently, it became mired as a battle of attrition with only minor gains. This battle is notable for the first use of poison gas by the British Army.
Casualties were high with the British losing 50,000 and the Germans 25,000.
10 Dec 1915
Field Marshal Sir John French was replaced by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF).
Left: Field Marshal Sir John French.
Right: Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig.
21 Feb 1916 to 20 Dec 1916
Battle of VerdunAt 304-days long this was the longest battle of the war. It was between the German and French armies and it took place on the hills north of Verdun-sur-Meuse in north-eastern France.
Firstly, the German Fifth Army attacked the defences of the Région Fortifiée de Verdun and those of the Second Army, garrisoned on the right bank of the river Meuse, planned to quickly capture the Côtes de Meuse,
from which Verdun could be overlooked and bombarded with artillery fire. The German strategy was intended to provoke the French into attacking them in an attempt to drive them off the heights.
The Germans captured ground early in the battle but the French contained the German advance and were able to recapture much of the lost territory towards the end of 1916.
31 May 1916 to 1 Jun 1916
Battle of JutlandThis was the only major naval battle of the war. The British lost 14 ships with over 6,000 casualties while the Germans lost 9 ships with over 2,500 casualties. The Germans claimed victory but
the German fleet was never again in a position to put to sea in order to challenge the Royal Navy in the North Sea.
J/42563 Boy 1st Class John 'Jack' Travers Cornwell was posthmously awarded the Victoria Cross for remaining at his post at the forward gun of HMS Chester during the battle. He was 16-years old.
One ship that took part in the battle has survived and she is HMS Caroline. She is a C-class light cruiser and she is now moored in perpetuity in Alexandra Dock, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
The Royal Navy Fleet Commander was Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe.
5 Jun 1916
Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, died on board HMS Hampshire when it struck a German mine 1½ miles west of Orkney, Scotland.
24 Jun 1916 to 30 Jun 1916
British and French Forces began a seven day artillery bombardment of the German front line on the Somme, which was a prelude to the Battle of the Somme that commenced on 1 Jul 1916.
1 Jul 1916
From 7:30am on 1 Jul 1916 until 18 Nov 1916. Battle of the SommeThis battle epitomised the horrors of trench warfare. By the end of the first day 19,240 British soldiers had lost their lives and the number of casualties, killed and wounded, was 57,470.
When the battle finally ended after 141 days there had been more than a million casualties on both sides. During the battle the Allies gained about five miles of land.
At zero hour whistles were blown and troops scrambled up ladders to go over the top. There was no running, instead they were ordered to walk across No Man’s Land towards the enemy front line.
They were met with an enfilade of relentless machine gun fire and thousands of men were cut down in minutes. During this battle the late Field Marshal Lord Kitchener’s Volunteer Army was virtually wiped out and
British military historians have described it as "the death of an army".
The purpose of this battle was to relieve the French at the Battle of Verdun (21 Feb-20 Dec 1916) where they were experiencing severe losses.
The Allied High Command decided to attack the Germans and other
Central Powers (Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria) at the Somme, north of Verdun, by means of a series of large combined strikes in different locations and in so doing cause the Germans
to move some troops from the Verdun battlefield to the Somme battlefield.
15 Sep 1916
The first British tanks went into action during the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, which was a subsidiary action during the Battle of the Somme. 49 tanks were made available for the
offensive but only 15 of them were able to participate in the action because of their unreliability.
6 Dec 1916
David Lloyd George replaced Herbert Henry Asquith as Prime Minister.
6 Apr 1917
The USA declared war on Germany.
9 Apr 1917 to 12 Apr 1917
Battle of ArrasThe Battle of Vimy Ridge was the most crucial part of the Battle of Arras. Vimy Ridge is nine miles long and it extends from the valley of the Scarpe in
front of Arras to the valley of the Souchez.
As it was of strategic importance it was captured by the Germans in Oct 1914. The Allied High Command considered that its recapture was essential and accordingly the Germans were
removed from their trenches in a sequence of
concentrated attacks by Canadian troops. It was during this battle that these troops distinguished themselves for their bravery and skill in recapturing and holding the ridge for the Allies. During the offensive the
Canadians suffered over 10,000 casualties.
The battle is notable for several advances in military expertise. A series of tunnels were dug, the purpose of which was twofold. Some tunnels were dug to provide cover for troops approaching the front line while others were
dug below enemy trenches to allow mines to be placed below them. A creeping barrage of artillery fire was employed to give protection to troops as they crossed No Man’s Land towards the German trenches.
The surveying technique of triangulation was used to establish the location of enemy gun emplacements so that they could be accurately shelled. By this method the location of a gun emplacement was calculated by the
formation of a triangle having the gun emplacement point and two known points as the vertices of a triangle. The measurement of distance and direction of the gun emplacement was then made by the application of trigonometry.
Spotter planes were also used to assist in this process with messages being transmitted from the planes to the ground using Morse code.
7 Jun 1917 to 14 Jun 1917
Battle of MessinesThe British Second Army took the Messines – Wytschaete Ridges in an offensive preceded by the detonation of nineteen mines under Messines Ridge dug below German trenches. Two more failed to detonate, one of which exploded
years afterwards during a thunderstorm. The blasts caused around 10,000 casualties and were heard in London. This battle was a prelude to the much larger Battle of Passchendaele.
31 Jul 1917 to 10 Nov 1917
Battle of Passchendaele (Third Battle of Ypres)This battle, also known as the "Battle of Mud", was one of appalling misery that
resulted in some 250,000 British casualties and even more German casualties.
Passchendaele is considered to be one of the most important battles of the war because it held the line while the French recovered and the Americans settled in.
This enabled the Allied Powers to bring the war to an end in 1918.
20 Nov 1917
From 6:30am on 20 Nov 1917 until 7 Dec 1917. Battle of CambraiThis was the first battle in which tanks were used en mass and in association with heavy artillery, air power and even cavalry.
The town of Cambrai was important because it contained a strategic railhead as well as being close to the Hindenberg Line, an important German defensive position.
On the 3 Dec 1917 Field Marshal Douglas Haig gave the order for units still near Cambrai to begin withdrawing.
Earlier in 1917, between the 9 Feb and 20 Mar, the Germans completed Operation Alberich which was a strategic withdrawal to the more easily defended Hindenburg Line.
7 Dec 1917
The USA declared war on Austria-Hungary.
15 Dec 1917
Russia signed a ceasefire with Germany.
3 Mar 1918
Russia formally withdrew from the Great War when the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed.
Under the terms of this treaty, Russia lost control of Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus and its Caucasus provinces of Kars and Batum.
1 Apr 1918
The Royal Air Force (RAF), the world’s first independent air force, was founded by an amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service.
The first person to hold the position of Chief of Air Staff was Major General Hugh Montague Trenchard who then became Marshal of the Royal Air Force.
9 Apr 1918
The Germans started an offensive in Flanders, which was initially successful. However, on the 15 Jul 1918 the Second Battle of the Marne started. The outcome of this battle was the
collapse of the German armies and it ended on the 6 Aug 1918 when it brought to an end the last German offensive of the war.
17 Jul 1918
Loss of a Cunard linerRMS Carpathia was torpedoed and sunk by German U-boat SM U-55 with the loss of five crew members.
She was sunk off the southern coast of Ireland. Carpathia was famous for rescuing the survivors of RMS Titanic that sank on the 15 Apr 1912 after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean.
8 Aug 1918
From 4:20am on 8 Aug 1918 until 11 Aug 1918. Battle of AmiensThis battle also became known as the “Hundred Days’ Offensive” as 100-days later the war ended.
It was probably the first major battle involving armoured warfare and it marked the end of trench warfare.
580 tanks were used comprised of Mark V fighting tanks, Mark V ‘Star’ tanks, and Medium Mark A Whippet tanks, as well as a number of unarmed tanks used to transport supplies and ammunition forward.
The Fourth Army participated in this battle and it was commanded by General Sir Henry Seymour Rawlinson (1864-1925). This army was comprised of British, Australian and Canadian divisions comprising some 75,000 men.
Although the battle only lasted for four days, it marked the beginning of the end of the Great War.
11 Nov 1918
At 5:10am on the 11 Nov 1918.
After negotiations, it was agreed that a ceasefire (Armistice) was to come into effect at 11:00am.
11 Nov 1918
At 9:30am on the 11 Nov 1918.
L/12643 Private George Edwin Ellison of the 5th (Royal Irish) Lancers is believed to be the last British casualty of the war. He was buried in the St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium. Grave Ref. I.B.23.
The grave of Private George Edwin Ellison is near the grave of the first casualty, Private John Parr.
11 Nov 1918
At 11:00am on the 11 Nov 1918.
The Armistice came into effect.
Marshal Ferdinand Foch's personal headquarters railway carriage, 11 Nov 1918.
At this time the railway carriage was at Rethondes in the Compiègne Forest, Northern France. The scene is after the Armistice document had been signed inside the carriage.
Front row, left to right:
Admiral Sir George Hope, Deputy First Sea Lord.
General Weygand, French Chief of Staff.
Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss, First Sea Lord.
Marshal Ferdinand Foch, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies.
Captain John Peter Ralph ‘Jack’ Marriott, Naval Assistant to Chief of Naval Staff.
21 Jun 1919
The Imperial German Navy’s High Seas Fleet was scuttled by its sailors while held at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands of Scotland. The fleet was interred there under the terms of the Armistice on the 11 Nov 1918.
In the confusion, nine German sailors were shot dead and they were the last casualties of the Great War.
28 Jun 1919
Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of VersaillesThe signing of this treaty ended the state of war between Germany (as well as the other Central Powers) and the Allied Powers.
The negotiations took place in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.
Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors, 28 Jun 1919.
This location was chosen deliberately, as it was also where the German Empire had been proclaimed on the 18 Jan 1871 combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under William I.
The treaty ended the Great War and imposed harsh terms on Germany, including war reparations, disarmament, territorial losses and the loss of its overseas colonies.
Many historians assert that the combination of harsh terms and subsequent lax enforcement of its provisions paved the way for World War II in 1939.
The treaty also founded the League of Nations, an international organisation aimed at promoting international cooperation and peace. This was the precursor of the United Nations founded in 1945.
19 Jul 1919
Peace DayThis commemoration was held to mark the end of the Great War after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.
10 Jan 1920
The Treaty of Versailles became effective following its ratification by all the governments concerned.
